Preface		xi
Acknowledgments		xiii
Editor's Notes		xv
1	Soils, What They Are and How They Form	1
	Introduction	1
	Definition of Soil	3
	Composition of Soils	3
	Soil Horizons	6
	Soil-Forming Factors and Processes	7
	--Factors	7
	--Processes	12
2	Geologic Framework of Arizona	15
	Introduction	15
	Basin and Range Province	17
	--General Nature of the Geology	17
	--Evolution of Structural Features	21
	--Geomorphology and Soils	23
	Colorado Plateau Province	26
	--General Nature of the Geology	26
	--Evolution of Structural Features	26
	--Late Cenozoic Volcanism	27
	--Geomorphology and Soils	28
3	Climate of Arizona	33
	Introduction	33
	--Temperature	34
	--Precipitation	34
	Arizona Climate Zones	35
	Climatic Zones of the State Soil Map	38
	Soil Temperature Regimes	38
	Soil Moisture Regimes	40
	Water Balance and Thornthwaite's Climatic Classification	40
	Paleoclimate	43
4	Natural Vegetation of Arizona	47
	Introduction	47
	Bioclimatic Classification of Vegetation	48
	--Alpine Tundra	49
	--Spruce-Alphine Fir Forest	49
	--Montane Conifer Forest	49
	--Riparian Deciduous Woodland	50
	--Pinyon-Juniper Woodland	50
	--Encinal and Mexican Oak-Pine Woodland	51
	--Interior Chaparral	51
	--Grasslands	51
	--Desert Scrub	52
5	Animals and Soil in Arizona	55
	Introduction	55
	General Role of Animals in the Soil Community	56
	Soil Fauna: Classification	56
	Role of Animals in the Soil Community	57
	--Invertebrates	57
	--Vertebrates	60
	Effects of Soil on Animals	61
	--Animals That Live in the Soil	61
	--Animals That Live on the Surface	62
6	The United States Soil Classification System and Its Application in Arizona	63
	Introduction	63
	Overview of Soil Taxonomy	63
	--Diagnostic Horizons	63
	--Categories	64
	--Nomenclature	65
	--Soil Individual	66
	Application to Arizona	68
	--Orders and Suborders	68
	--Soil Families	69
7	Description of the Mapping Units of the Arizona General Soil Map	71
	Basis and Development of the Units	71
	Mapping Unit Descriptions	72
	--HA Hyperthermic Arid Soils	74
	--TA Thermic Arid Soils	86
	--TS Thermic Semiarid Soils	93
	--MA Mesic Arid Soils	114
	--MS Mesic Semiarid Soils	122
	--MH Mesic Subhumid Soils	134
	--FH Frigid Subhumid Soils	142
	Appendices	151
	Appendix A: Geologic Time Scale	151
	Appendix B: Vegetation: Common and Scientific Names	155
	Appendix C: Animals: Common and Scientific Names	157
	Appendix D: Outline of Soil Taxonomy Nomenclature System	159
	Appendix E: Descriptions of Soil Series	161
	Appendix F: Glossary	213
List of References		225
Index		235

List of Plates

The unpaginated plate section follows Chapter Five, between pages 62 and 63.

Plate	Title
1	Arizona General Soil Map
2	Landform Features and Physiographic Provinces of Arizona
3	Geology of Arizona
4	Generalized Zones of Elevation in Arizona
5	Average Annual Precipitation in Arizona
6	Winter Precipitation as the Percentage of Annual Precipitation in Arizona
7	Mean January Air Temperature in Arizona
8	Mean July Air Temperature in Arizona
9	Potential Annual Evapotranspiration in Arizona
10	Actual Annual Evapotranspiration in Arizona
11	Vegetation Distribution in Arizona
12	The Four Desert Scrub Vegetative Communities in Arizona
13	Average Annual Runoff in Arizona
14	The Four Major Soil Temperature Regimes in Arizona
15	Horizons That Could Occur in a Soil Profile
16	Actual Soil Profile and Associated Vegetation
17	Biotic Provinces in Arizona

[page ix]

List of Figures

[page x]

Figure	Title	Page
1	Indian Reservations in Arizona	2
2	Generalized Soil Composition Diagram	3
3	Representative Shapes and Sizes of Sand, Silt and Clay	3
4	Soil Texture Triangle	4
5	Crystal Structure of Muscovite Clay	4
6	Crystal Structure of Montmorillonite Clay	5
7	Crystal Structure of Kaolinite Clay	5
8	Representative Diagrams of Forms of Soil Aggregation	5
9	Form of Water in Soil	6
10	Water in an Unsaturated, Coarse-Textured Soil	6
11	Schematic of Various Factors That Affect Soil	8
12	Representative Illustration of the Evolution of Soil	8
13	Generalized Soil Profile	9
14	Effects of Slope and Aspect on Soils	10
15	Green's Peak	11
16	Depth of Carbonate Accumulation in Soils Relative to Parent Material Texture	11
17	Churning Action of Vertisols	13
18	Selected Recreation Areas in Arizona	14
19	Cross Sections of the Physiographic Provinces of Arizona	18
20	Generalized Topography of Arizona	20
21	Cross Section of a Typical Basin and Range Province Valley; Inset, Classic Schematic of Block Faulting	22
22	Generalized Models of Tilted and Listric Block Faulting	23
23	Typical Cross Sections of Arizona Basin and Range Province Valleys and Associated Soil Mapping Units	24
24	Representations of an Anticline, a Monocline and a Syncline	26
25	Map of Volcanic Rock Distribution near the Colorado Plateau	27
26	Schematic Representation of the Evolution of Typical Landforms in the Navajo Section of the Colorado Plateau	30
27	Schematic of Precipitation Distribution from Atmosphere to Soil	33
28	Climates of Arizona	36
29	Generalized Water Cycle in Hyperthermic, Thermic and Some Mesic Regions	37
30	Generalized Water Cylce in a Frigid Subhumid Region	37
31	Frost-Alternation Days in Arizona	39
32	Generalized Annual Moisture Budgets for Soils near 14 Climate Stations in Arizona	42
33	Altitudinal Distribution of the Major Vegetation Zones of the San Francisco Peaks in Northern Arizona	48
34	Altitudinal Distribution of the Major Vegetation Zones of the Santa Catalina Mountains in Southern Arizona	49
35	Low Elevation Riparian Woodland	50
36	Cross Section of the Grand Canyon and Associated Life Forms	56
37	Representative Soil Animals	58
37a	Termites	58
37b	Harvester Ants	58
37c	Spadefoot Toad	58
37d	Kangaroo Rat	58
37e	Shovel-Nosed Snake	59
38	Soil Microfauna, Mesofauna and Macrofauna Classification	59
39	Diagram of the Hierarchical Soil Classification System	65
40	Diagram Showing Soil Pedon, Polypedon and Other Features Related to a Soilscape	67
41	Explanation of Soil and Rock Symbols in Soilscapes and Profiles	72
42	Representative Hyperthermic Arid Soils Soilscape and Profiles	73
43	Geographic Distribution of Hyperthermic Arid (HA) Soils in Arizona	74
	HA1 Torrifluvents Association	75
	HA2 Casa Grande-Mohall-La Palma Association	76
	HA3 Mohall-Vecont-Pinamt Association	77
	HA4 Gunsight-Rillito-Pinal Association	78
	HA5 Laveen-Rillito Association	79
	HA6 Lithic Camborthids-Rock Outcrop-Lithic Haplargids Association	80
	HA7 Laveen-Carrizo-Antho Association	81
	HA8 Tremant-Coolidge-Mohall Association	82
	HA9 Harqua-Perryville-Gunsight Association	83
	HA10 Superstition-Rositas Association	84
44	Representative Thermic Arid Soils Soilscape and Profiles	85
45	Geographic Distribution of Thermic Arid (TA) Soils in Arizona	86
	TA1 Torriorthents-Camborthids-Rock Outcrop Association	87
	TA2 Anthony-Vinton-Agua Association	88
	TA3 Lithic Torriorthents-Rock Outcrop-Lithic Haplargids Association	89
	TA4 Latene-Anthony-Tes Hermanos Association	90
	TA5 Paleorthids-Calciorthids-Torriorthents Association	91
46	Representative Thermic Semiarid Soils Soilscape and Profiles	92
47	Geographic Distribution of Thermic Semiarid (TS) Soils in Arizona	93
	TS1 Torrifluvents-Torripsamments Association	94
	TS2 Torrifluvents Association	95
	TS3 Tubac-Sonoita-Grabe Association	96
	TS4 White House-Bernardino-Hathaway Association	97
	TS5 Caralampi-Hathaway Association	98
	TS6 Lithic Torriorthents-Lithic Haplustolls-Rock Outcrop Association	99
	TS7 White House-Caralampi Association	100
	TS8 Caralampi-White House Association	101
	TS9 Latene-Nickel-Pinaleno Association	102
	TS10 Chiricahua-Cellar Association	103
	TS11 Gothard-Crot-Stewart Association	104
	TS12 Continental-Latene-Pinaleno Association	105
	TS13 Karro-Gothard Association	106
	TS14 Nickel-Latene-Cave Association	107
	TS15 Bonita-Graham-Rimrock Association	108
	TS16 Penthouse-Latene-Cornville Association	109
	TS17 Signal-Grabe Association	110
	TS18 Graham-Lampshire-House Mountain Association	111
	TS19 Anthony-Sonoita Association	112
48	Representative Mesic Arid Soils Soilscape and Profiles	113
49	Geographic Distribution of Mesic Arid (MA) Soils in Arizona	114
	MA1 Badland-Torriorthents-Torrifluvents Association	115
	MA2 Moenkopie-Shalet-Tours Association	116
	MA3 Sheppard-Fruitland-Rock Outcrop Association	117
	MA4 Tours-Navajo Association	118
	MA5 Torriorthents-Torrifluvents Association	119
	MA6 Fruitland-Camborthids-Torrifluvents Association	120
50	Representative Mesic Semiarid Soils Soilscape and Profiles	121
51	Geographic Distribution of Mesic Semiarid (MS) Soils in Arizona	122
	MS1 Tortugas-Purner-Jacks Association	123
	MS2 Winona-Boysag-Rock Outcrop Association	124
	MS3 Palma-Clovis-Trail Association	125
	MS4 Rudd-Bandera-Cabezon Association	126
	MS5 Roundtop-Boysag Association	127
	MS6 Lithic Torriorthents-Lithic Haplargids-Rock Outcrop Association	128
	MS7 Cabezon-Thunderbird-Springerville Association	129
	MS8 Pastura-Poley-Partri Association	130
	MS9 Lonti-Balon-Lynx Association	131
	MS10 Pastura-Abra-Lynx Association	132
52	Representative Mesic Subhumid Soils Soilscape and Profiles	133
53	Geographic Distribution of Mesic Subhumid (MH) Soils in Arizona	134
	MH1 Casto-Martinez-Canelo Association	135
	MH2 Lithic Haplustolls-Lithic Argiustolls-Rock Outcrop Association	136
	MH3 Showlow-Disterheff-Cibeque Association	137
	MH4 Roundtop-Tortugas-Jacks Association	138
	MH5 Overgaard-Elledge-Telephone Association	139
	MH6 Pachic Argiustolls-Lynx Association	140
54	Representative Frigid Subhumid Soils Soilscape and Profiles	141
55	Geographic Distribution of Frigid Subhumid (FH) Soils in Arizona	142
	FH1 Mirabal-Dandrea-Brolliar Association	143
	FH2 Sponseller-Ess-Gordo Association	144
	FH3 Soldier-Hogg-McVickers Association	145
	FH4 Soldier-Lithic Cryoborolls Association	146
	FH5 Mirabal-Baldy-Rock Outcrop Association	147
	FH6 Eutroboralfs-Mirabal Association	148
	FH7 Cryorthents-Eutroboralfs Association	149
	FH8 Gordo-Tatiyee Association	150
A1	Modern Geologic Time Scale, Appendix A	152
A2	Stratigraphic Column of Northern Arizona, Appendix A	153

List of Tables

Table	Title	Page
1	Comparison of San Francisco Volcanic Field Subdivisions	29
2	Erosional Cycles along the Little Colorado River in Northeastern Arizona	32
3	Computed Coefficients of Variation of Winter, Summer and Yearly Amounts of Precipitation for Four Arizona Climate Stations	34
4	Temperature-Precipitation Zones of the Arizona General Soil Map	38
5	Summary of Site Disturbance Indices for Deer, Elk, Cattle and Horses in the Carson National Forest, New Mexico	62
6	Diagnostic Horizons Common in Arizona Soils	64
7	Names and Important Properties of the Orders	66
8	Soil Order Names and Formative Elements	67
9	Examples of Formative Elements of Suborder Names	67
A	The Classical Subdivision of the Quaternary for North America. Appendix A.	154

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